Post by sticksPost by sticksSo these are some of the cosmological and physics problems the
naturalist encounters. If anyone is interested, I'd move on to
some more easily and hands on evidence in the realm of chemistry and
biology that bring us further into our present timeline.
The issue of understanding time I referenced earlier becomes relevant
in the next phase of the timeline, but for now I want to skip over it
and move to things a little easier to grasp. I'll move from the
origin of the universe to the origin of life. I’ll start at the
building block of everything: the cell. A cell is the smallest
component that can be considered a living entity. Cells are made of
proteins, which in turn are made of amino acids. Sounds simple enough
right? Not so fast. We can look at what scientists in Darwin’s day
understood about cellular structure, look at what we know now, and see
if they got things right or not. If you're unaware, it should be
noted that Darwin’s theory of evolution does not specifically
address how the first forms of life originated, but only how he
suspected they evolved ultimately ending in something like us. Once
his work was published, a thought process known as “Darwinian
logic†took hold and gave the naturalist tools to push their design
free creation paradigm. It is curious that the scientific world holds
so much value in a theory that explains how species evolve, yet
completely ignores the processes required for life to begin in the
first place. To this day, Darwinian disciples try and avoid the
problems this line of science has to get past. To them, somehow it
just happened.
Darwin in his day actually could see individual cells with microscopes
available to him at the time. Not as good as today, but they were
good enough for him to understand cells were complex in some ways. He
felt the cell somehow contained hereditary information that allowed it
to reproduce and called it a Gemmule.
<https://evolutionnews.org/2013/06/did_scientists_/>
He had to do this because if that first cell could not replicate
itself, life would have been over as soon as it had begun. This in
fact is an obvious truth. We now know there was no such thing as a
Gemmule, but at least we know he must have understood the cell was
more complicated than the view of his contemporaries and proponents
who called it “a microscopic lump of jelly-like substance.†I
think he understood he would have to leave the origin of the first
life form to real scientists and just stick to his speculation on
species and their evolution.
So what exactly do naturalists now think a cell is, and specifically
how is a cell created? Currently, the argument is the atmosphere of
Earth around 4 billion years ago, with little or no oxygen and high in
methane, in the presence of water, and with either sunlight or an
electrical discharge like lightning, lead to the spontaneous formation
of organic molecules. The molecules they speak of were amino acids.
Amino Acids are what make proteins, which are essentially long chains
of amino acids. The smallest known protein is glutathione with 3
amino acids, and the largest know is titin, which has 34,350 amino
acids! The average size for humans is 480. Every protein has its
sequence of amino acids, and the sequence is what makes the protein
take different shapes which allows them to perform different functions
in the body. So all you need is a little primordial atmosphere,
water, and a little sunlight or lightning and you get life! Now you
must remember that amino acids and proteins are considered organic
molecules, but in no way can be considered to be either “aliveâ€,
or “life†on their own. Amino acids are even found in the void of
space! It takes an incredibly difficult process of joining the amino
acids into proteins, and then folding the proteins in specific ways to
get even one cell!
Steve Laufman is a systems Engineer who teamed up with physician
Howard Glicksman to write "Your Designed Body." This pairing of
authors is special because their work investigates from a medical
standpoint of just what the different parts of the body do, but
combines it with an engineering analysis of just what is required to
actually build these systems and the problems and solutions the body
somehow has achieved. It is an incredibly eye opening read!
They go on to explain that when the specific order of a string of
amino acids is just right, it enables the protein to fold, though
sometimes it needs help to do so from another protein called a
chaperone. The special folds and shape determine the functions the
particular protein can perform. However, they write that Douglas Axe
finds that “It’s been shown experimentally that functional protein
shapes are extremely rare among the set of all possible amino acid
sequences. The overwhelming majority of possible sequences will not
fold into a stable protein shape, and therefore are unlikely to
provide a useful function. And, of all the sequences that do fold
into a stable shape, only a very few will perform a task that’s
useful to a given organism.â€
For how truly mind blowing his words on exactly how rare this is,
Axe’s experiments showed that, for every DNA sequence that generates
a relatively short (150 amino acid) functional protein fold, there are
about 10^77 combinations of the same length that will not yield a
stable, useful protein. This means that it would take more than the
probabilistic resources of the universe to randomly find even a single
useful protein of moderate length. Douglas Axe, “Estimating the
Prevalence of Protein Sequences Adopting Functional Enzyme Folds,â€
Journal of Molecular Biology 341 (2004): 1295–1315. For perspective,
there are an estimated 10^78 atoms in the entire universe, spread
across hundreds of billions of galaxies. Several other studies have
corroborated Axe’s numbers using different methods. See, for
example, Sean V. Taylor et al., “Searching Sequence Space for
Protein Catalysts,†PNAS USA 98 (2001): 10596–10601.â€
Joseph Mastropaolo, PH.D. in his article Evolution is Biologically
Impossible, also gets right to the difficulty of assembling amino
acids and proteins, essentially proclaiming it an impossibility.
“The trail of the first cell therefore leads us to the
microbiological geometry of amino acids and a search for the
probability of creating a protein by mindless chance as specified by
evolution. Hubert Yockey published a monograph on the microbiology,
information theory, and mathematics necessary to accomplish that feat.
Accordingly, the probability of evolving one molecule of
iso-1-cytochrome c, a small protein common in plants and animals, is
an astounding one chance in 2.3 times ten billion vigintillion. The
magnitude of this impossibility may be appreciated by realizing that
ten billion vigintillion is one followed by 75 zeros. Or to put it in
evolutionary terms, if a random mutation is provided every second from
the alleged birth of the universe, then to date that protein molecule
would be only 43% of the way to completion. Yockey concluded, "The
origin of life by chance in a primeval soup is impossible in
probability in the same way that a perpetual motion machine is
impossible in probability."
To have a little fun on this, Mastropaolo says famed atheist and
supporter of evolutionary theory Richard Dawkins agreed when he
states, “Suppose we want to suggest, for instance, that life began
when both DNA and its protein-based replication machinery
spontaneously chanced to come into existence. We can allow ourselves
the luxury of such an extravagant theory, provided that the odds
against this coincidence occurring on a planet do not exceed 100
billion billion to one." The 100 billion billion is 10^20. So
Dawkins' own criterion for impossible in probability, one chance in
more than 10^20, has been exceeded by 50 orders of magnitude for only
one molecule of one small protein. Now that Professor Dawkins has
joined the ranks of non-believers in evolution, politesse forbids
inquiring whether he considers himself "ignorant, stupid, insane, or
wicked."
It gets even more mathematically impossible in the rest of the
article, but I’ll let you read that on your own and only make one
last cite. “Life was designed. It did not evolve. The certainty of
these conclusions is 10^4,478,296 (1 followed by 4,478,296 zeros) to
one.†These numbers are not refuted, they simply get ignored.
There are so many tasks proteins do in the cell, it hard to fathom.
It is the scope of what I am trying to get across, but they are so
numerous it is mind boggling. I haven't even touched on the fact that
every cell contains the "information" necessary to perform its
function, DNA, and the fact that the energy necessary to form the DNA
was unavailable. All of these different processes and actions have
“chicken-or-egg problems evolutionists must confront.†The
precise size and shape of each folded protein is a perfect example
with how it managed to form that way in the first place. How did
lifeless, brainless amino acids form a protein, folded in the perfect
shape to do a specific task, at a specific location in the body, in
enough quantity, at just the right time?
I'll give three specific examples of this next I think you'll like,
and they all reside within the cell.
You seem to be leaning heavily toward intelligent design. Where do you